Sabor azedo e temperatura fria na fase oral da deglutição no acidente vascular encefálico

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Ana Rita GattoI; Paula Cristina ColaII; Roberta Gonçalves da SilvaIII; André Augusto SpadottoIV; Priscila Watson RibeiroV; Arthur Oscar SchelpV; Lidia Raquel de CarvalhoVI; Maria Aparecida Coelho de Arruda Henry

CoDAS vol.25 no.2 São Paulo  2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S2317-17822013000200012

RESUMO

OBJETIVO: Verificar o efeito do sabor azedo e da temperatura fria no tempo de trânsito oral da deglutição.

MÉTODOS: Participaram deste estudo 52 indivíduos (28 do gênero masculino e 24 do gênero feminino) após acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico, com lesão à direita ou à esquerda e disfagia orofaríngea de grau leve a moderado, com idades variando de 50 a 80 anos (mediana=66 anos). Foi realizada a videofluoroscopia da deglutição para a análise dos tempos de deglutição. Cada indivíduo foi avaliado durante a deglutição de bolo na consistência pastosa, oferecido em colher com 5 ml, com quatro estímulos diferentes (natural, frio, azedo e azedo-frio). Após o exame foram realizadas as medidas de tempo de trânsito oral utilizando software específico. Foram mensurados o tempo de trânsito oral (a partir do início do movimento do bolo alimentar na boca) e o tempo de trânsito oral total (a partir do momento em que o bolo é colocado na boca).
RESULTADOS: A associação entre o estímulo azedo e a temperatura fria provocou mudanças significavas no tempo de trânsito oral total e no tempo de trânsito oral, com redução nestes tempos.
CONCLUSÃO: O sabor azedo e a temperatura fria associados apresentaram redução do tempo de trânsito oral em pacientes pós acidente vascular encefálico.

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Effect of the combination of Mendelsohn maneuver and effortful swallowing on aspiration in patients with dysphagia after stroke.

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Kim JH1, Kim YA2, Lee HJ2, Kim KS3, Kim ST4, Kim TS5, Cho YS3.

J Phys Ther Sci. 2017 Nov;29(11):1967-1969. doi: 10.1589/jpts.29.1967. Epub 2017 Nov 24.

Imagem retirada Google

Abstract

Purpose:

This study investigated the effect of a combined method incorporating the Mendelsohn maneuver and effortful swallowing on aspiration in patients with dysphagia after stroke.

Subjects and Methods:

Three patients with dysphagia were recruited. All patients were treated with a combined method consisting of the Mendelsohn maneuver and effortful swallowing. The intervention period was total 20 sessions. Evaluation was based on videofluoroscopic swallowing study and the degree of aspiration was assessed using penetration-aspiration scale.

Results:

Before and after intervention, all participants showed a decrease in aspiration with liquid type and semisolid type food.

Conclusion:

This study confirms that the combined method of the Mendelsohn maneuver and effortful swallowing has a positive effect on aspiration in patients with dysphagia after stroke.

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Relationship Between Frequency of Spontaneous Swallowing and Salivary Substance P Level in Patients with Acute Stroke.

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Niimi M, Hashimoto G, Hara T, Yamada N, Abo M, Fujigasaki H, Ide T

Dysphagia. 2017 Nov 28. doi: 10.1007/s00455-017-9867-2. [Epub ahead of print]

Imagem: eatrightpro.org

Abstract

The frequency of spontaneous swallowing is useful for screening of dysphagia in acute stroke. Low levels of substance P (SP) in saliva attenuate the swallowing reflex. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the frequency of spontaneous swallowing and salivary SP levels. In 40 subjects, saliva was collected within 72 h after stroke onset and salivary SP levels were measured using ELISA kit at a later date. The frequency of spontaneous swallowing was measured over 1 h using a microphone placed on the neck. Pneumonia was diagnosed by the presence of pyrexia and at least two respiratory problems of four categories (sputum, cough or breathing pattern, breath sound, and gas change). The presence of detectable levels of SP in the saliva was confirmed in 17 patients (high SP group), whereas the level was below the detection limit of the ELISA kit in 23 patients (low SP group). The frequency of spontaneous swallowing was significantly lower in low SP group (16.1 ± 11.6 per hour) than in the high SP group (30.4 ± 20.4, p = 0.016). As the result of multiple regression analysis, salivary SP levels were correlated with frequency of spontaneous swallowing independently of age, NIHSS, and GCS. The incidence of pneumonia was significantly higher in the low than high SP group (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the frequency of spontaneous swallowing was decreased in acute stroke patients with low salivary SP levels. Salivary SP levels can be potentially a useful biomarker of risk of stroke-associated pneumonia in the acute stage.

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Continuum theory: presbyphagia to dysphagia? Functional assessment of swallowing in the elderly.

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Fonte imagem: Pinterest 

de Lima Alvarenga EH1, Dall’Oglio GP2, Murano EZ3, Abrahão M2.

Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2017 Nov 9. doi: 10.1007/s00405-017-4801-7. [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether disclosed symptoms (coughing, choking and throat clearing) can be used as early predictors of swallowing disorders in non-hospitalized elderly population. In addition, to determine the presence of early findings of swallowing disorders through fiber optic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES).
MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred subjects older than 60 years were recruited from local community social meetings for seniors, they fulfilled inclusion criteria, and were given an oral interview and underwent FEES, with findings classified as: (1) saliva stasis; (2) pharyngeal residue; (3) penetration; (4) aspiration; (5) laryngeal sensitivity.
RESULTS: Twenty-one percent of subjects declared previous choking, 10% coughing, and 7% throat clearing, 39% had pharyngeal residue; 6% saliva stasis; 9% penetration; 2% aspiration; and 92% laryngeal sensitivity present. Thirty-three percent showed pharyngeal residue without saliva stasis, while only 6% showed positivity for both (p = 0.003).
CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that health care professionals should be aware that among an apparently healthy population, some subjects may have swallowing disorders without clinical complaints and that a nasolaryngoscopy exam may not be enough to predict dysphagia. We suggest that FEES should be performed to look for surrogate of dysphagia such as pharyngeal residue, laryngeal penetration, and aspiration.

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Vibration over the larynx increases swallowing and cortical activation for swallowing.

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Mulheren RW, Ludlow CL.

J Neurophysiol. 2017 Sep 1;118(3):1698-1708. doi: 10.1152/jn.00244.2017. Epub 2017 Jul 5


Imagem retirada internet 

Abstract

Sensory input can alter swallowing control in both the cortex and brainstem. Electrical stimulation of superior laryngeal nerve afferents increases reflexive swallowing in animals, with different frequencies optimally effective across species. Here we determined 1) if neck vibration overlying the larynx affected the fundamental frequency of the voice demonstrating penetration of vibration into the laryngeal tissues, and 2) if vibration, in comparison with sham, increased spontaneous swallowing and enhanced cortical hemodynamic responses to swallows in the swallowing network. A device with two motors, one over each thyroid lamina, delivered intermittent 10-s epochs of vibration. We recorded swallows and event-related changes in blood oxygenation level to swallows over the motor and sensory swallowing cortexes bilaterally using functional near infrared spectroscopy. Ten healthy participants completed eight 20-min conditions in counterbalanced order with either epochs of continuous vibration at 30, 70, 110, 150, and 70 + 110 Hz combined, 4-Hz pulsed vibration at 70 + 110 Hz, or two sham conditions without stimulation. Stimulation epochs were separated by interstimulus intervals varying between 30 and 45 s in duration. Vibration significantly reduced the fundamental frequency of the voice compared with no stimulation demonstrating that vibration penetrated laryngeal tissues. Vibration at 70 and at 150 Hz increased spontaneous swallowing compared with sham. Hemodynamic responses to swallows in the motor cortex were enhanced during conditions containing stimulation compared with sham. As vibratory stimulation on the neck increased spontaneous swallowing and enhanced cortical activation for swallows in healthy participants, it may be useful for enhancing swallowing in patients with dysphagia.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Vibratory stimulation at 70 and 150 Hz on the neck overlying the larynx increased the frequency of spontaneous swallowing. Simultaneously vibration also enhanced hemodynamic responses in the motor cortex to swallows when recorded with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). As vibrotactile stimulation on the neck enhanced cortical activation for swallowing in healthy participants, it may be useful for enhancing swallowing in patients with dysphagia.

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A Systematic Review of Isometric Lingual Strength-Training Programs in Adults With and Without Dysphagia

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McKenna VS, Zhang B, Haines MB, Kelchner LN.

Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2017


                                              Imagem: Pinterest

Abstract

Purpose: This systematic review summarizes the effects of isometric lingual strength training on lingual strength and swallow function in adult populations. Furthermore, it evaluates the designs of the reviewed studies and identifies areas of future research in isometric lingual strength training for dysphagia remediation.
Method: A comprehensive literature search of 3 databases and additional backward citation search identified 10 studies for inclusion in the review. The review reports and discusses the isometric-exercise intervention protocols, pre- and postintervention lingual-pressure data (maximum peak pressures and lingual-palatal pressures during swallowing), and oropharyngeal swallowing measures such as penetration-aspiration scales, oropharyngeal residue and duration, lingual volumes, and quality-of-life assessments.
Results: Studies reported gains in maximum peak lingual pressures following isometric lingual strength training for both healthy adults and select groups of individuals with dysphagia. However, due to the variability in study designs, it remains unclear whether strength gains generalize to swallow function.
Conclusion: Although isometric lingual strength training is a promising intervention for oropharyngeal dysphagia, the current literature is too variable to confidently report specific therapeutic benefits. Future investigations should target homogenous patient populations and use randomized controlled trials to determine the efficacy of this treatment for individuals with dysphagia.

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Clinical diagnosis of hyposalivation in hospitalized patients.

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Berti-Couto Sde A1, Couto-Souza PH, Jacobs R, Nackaerts O, Rubira-Bullen IR, Westphalen FH, Moysés SJ, Ignácio SA, Costa MB, Tolazzi AL.J Appl Oral Sci. 2012 Mar-Apr;20(2):157-61.

Fonte: Oral Science


Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of clinical criteria for the diagnosis of hyposalivation in hospitalized patients.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: A clinical study was carried out on 145 subjects (48 males; 97 females; aged 20 to 90 years). Each subject was clinically examined, in the morning and in the afternoon, along 1 day. A focused anamnesis allowed identifying symptoms of hyposalivation, like xerostomia complaints (considered as a reference symptom), chewing difficulty, dysphagia and increased frequency of liquid intake. Afterwards, dryness of the mucosa of the cheeks and floor of the mouth, as well as salivary secretion during parotid gland stimulation were assessed during oral examination.

RESULTS: Results obtained with Chi-square tests showed that 71 patients (48.9%) presented xerostomia complaints, with a significant correlation with all hyposalivation symptoms (p <0.05). Furthermore, xerostomia was also significantly correlated with all data obtained during oral examination in both periods of evaluation (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Clinical diagnosis of hyposalivation in hospitalized patients is feasible and can provide an immediate and appropriate therapy avoiding further problems and improving their quality of life.

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